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The MAFA protein （Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog A） is a member of the basic leucine zipper （bZIP） transcription factor family, primarily expressed in pancreatic β-cells, the retina, and lymphocytes. It plays a critical role in regulating the transcription of the insulin gene （INS） by binding to the C1 element in the insulin gene promoter region, thereby promoting insulin synthesis and secretion to maintain glucose homeostasis. The expression and activity of MAFA are regulated by various factors, including glucose concentration, cytokines, and oxidative stress. In diabetes research, dysfunction of MAFA is closely associated with β-cell dysfunction and impaired insulin secretion, making it a potential therapeutic target. Additionally, MAFA also plays important roles in retinal development and immune regulation.